Foundations of Statistics

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📚 Part 1: Key Concepts & PPDAC

1. Which choice best defines a sample?

A complete set of all possible measurements from every member of the group

A small, representative subset drawn from a larger population

A graph showing the spread of data

The difference between the highest and lowest values

2. Match each term (left) with the best definition (right). Draw lines between matching items.

A. Population

B. Variable

C. Frequency

D. Distribution

E. Sample

1. How often a value occurs in a dataset

2. A characteristic that can take different values (e.g. height)

3. All members of a defined group (e.g. every student at the school)

4. A subset taken from a larger group for study

5. The way values are spread or arranged across possible values

3. Write the steps of the statistical enquiry cycle (PPDAC) in order: ___________ , ___________ , ___________ , ___________ , ___________

✏️ Part 2: Data Tasks & Critical Thinking

4. Use the heights (cm) of 9 students: 162, 170, 158, 165, 170, 172, 160, 168, 170. Calculate the following. Show your working.

a) Mean = ________

b) Median = ________

c) Mode = ________

d) Range = ________

5. A class survey found favourite lunch choices (25 students): Sandwich 10, Sushi 6, Pie 4, Salad 5. a) Create a frequency table. b) Sketch a labelled bar graph to display this data.

a) Frequency table: _____________________________________________

6. Which of the following can make a graph or statistic misleading? (Tick all that apply.)

Very small sample size

Truncated or non-zero axis that exaggerates differences

Clear labelling and correct scales

Omitting relevant outliers without explanation

Using colour to make data easier to read

7. Probability practice: In a small survey 3 students walk, 2 catch the bus, and 5 travel by car. What is the probability that a randomly chosen student travels by car? Give your answer as a fraction and as a percentage.

8. Reflection (brief): Write one thing you learned today and one question you still have for the next lesson.